Import/export
1
bill of lading n. list of goods and shipping instructions;
waybill
2
c.&f. abbr. cost & freight: includes shipping to named
port but not insurance
3
c.i.f. abbr. cost, insurance & freight: includes insurance
and shipping to named port
4
cargo n. goods or products that are being transported or shipped
5
certificate of origin n. a document that shows where goods come
from
6
container n. huge box to hold goods for transport - container
port n. to containerise v.
7
customs n. 1 government tax or duty on imported goods 2 the
people who collect this tax
8
declare v. to make a statement of taxable goods - customs
declaration form n.
9
f.a.s. abbr. free alongside ship [includes delivery to quayside
but not loading]
10
f.o.b. abbr. free on board: includes loading onto ship
11
freight n. goods being transported; cargo
12
irrevocable adj. that cannot be undone; unalterable - irrevocable
letter of credit n.
13
letter of credit n. a letter from a bank authorising a person to
draw money from another bank
14
merchandise n. things bought and sold; commodities; wares - also
v.
15
packing list n. a document that is sent with goods to show that
they have been checked
16
pro forma invoice n. an invoice or request for payment sent in
advance of goods supplied
17
quay n. a solid, artificial landing place for (un)loading ships;
wharf - quayside n.
18
ship v. to send or transport by land, sea or air - also n.
shipment n.
19
shipping agent n. a person acting for or representing a ship
or ships at a port
20
waybill n. list of goods and shipping instructions; bill of
lading - air waybill n.
Insurance
1
actuary n. a person who calculates risks for insurance companies
2
assessor n. a person who calculates the value of something [eg: a
building, car etc]
3
claim n. an application for payment under an insurance policy - to
make a claim v.
4
comprehensive n. [of an insurance policy] all-inclusive; providing
complete protection
5
consequential loss n. a loss that happens as a consequence of or
as a result of another
6
cover UK n. the protection given by an insurance policy [eg:
public liability cover]
7
employer’s liability n. liability or responsibility of a firm
for damage caused to one of its employees
8
goods in transit n. property, merchandise or any goods in the
process of being transported
9
insurance broker n. agent who arranges insurance; middleman
between insurer & policyholder
10
liability n. 1 the state of being liable 2 anything for which a
person is liable
11
liable adj. legally obliged to pay for damage, injury etc;
responsible - liability n.
12
loss n. death, injury, damage etc that is the basis for a claim -
to lose v.
13
loss adjuster n. a person who assesses the amount of compensation
arising from a claim
14
policy n. a contract of insurance [eg: a product liability policy]
15
policyholder n. the person to whom an insurance policy is issued
16
premium n. a payment, usually monthly, yearly etc, for an
insurance policy
17
product liability n. liability or responsibility of a firm for
damage caused by one of its products
18
public liability n. responsibility of a firm for damage caused to a
member of the public
19
reinsurance n. the insuring of a risk by one insurance company
with another – to reinsure v.
20
risk n. 1 chance or possibility of injury, loss etc 2 person or
thing causing risk
Law
1
attorney n. 1 a person appointed to act for or represent another 2US
lawyer
2
barrister UK n. a lawyer who pleads before a superior court
3
brief n. 1 UK instructions to a barrister - also v. 2 US written
statement of facts for a court
4
case n. statement of the facts in a trial, esp. the argument of one
side
5
contract n. a formal agreement, usually in writing, between two
or more parties
6
court of law / lawcourt n. the place where law cases are hear and
decided; court - courtroom n.
7
evidence n. information presented to a court to prove or support
a point in question
8
guilty adj. responsible for wrong; culpable - guilt n. not guilty
adj. (opp. innocent)
9
judge n. public official with authority to hear and decide cases in
a court of law - also v.
10
jury n. a group of people chosen to hear the evidence of a case and
give a decision
11
lawsuit n. a trial at court between two private parties
12
lawyer n. a person trained in law and who advises or represents
others
13
plead v. 1 to defend a law case 2 to declare oneself to be guilty
or not guilty – plea n.
14
sentence n. 1 decision of a court, esp. as to the punishment 2 the
punishment - also v.
15
solicitor n. 1 UK lawyer advising clients & briefing barristers
2 US law officer for a city etc
16
sue v. to start legal action against someone in a court of law -
lawsuit n.
17
sum up v. to summarise & review the evidence of a case [said of
a judge] – summing up n.
18
trial n. a formal examination of a case in a court of law - to try
v.
19
verdict n. the formal decision or finding of a judge or jury
20
without prejudice without detriment or damage to a legal right or
claim
Marketing
1
brand n. a particular make of product - to brand v. - branded adj.
2
consumer n. the person who buys and uses a product or service - to
consume v.
3
cost v. [cost, costed, costed] to estimate the price of making a
product - costing n.
4
develop v. to create a new product or improve an existing one –
product development n.
5
distribution n. the delivering of products to end-users, inc.
advertising, storing etc
6
end-user n. the person, customer etc who is the ultimate (and so
real) user of a product
7
image n. the concept or perception of a firm or product held by the
general public
8
label n. small piece of paper, metal etc on a product giving
information about it
9
launch v. to introduce a new product, with publicity etc - product
launch n.
10
mail order n. the selling of goods by post - mail-order catalogue
n.
11
market research n. study of consumers’ needs & preferences,
often for a particular product
12
packaging UK n. the wrapping or container for a product
13
point of sale n. the place where a product is actually sold to the
public - point-of-sale adj.
14
product n. something made to be sold; merchandise [includes
services] - to produce v.
15
public relations n. creation and maintenance of a good public image
- public relations officer n.
16
registered adj. registered or officially recorded as a trademark -
® abbr. - to register v.
17
sponsor n. firm supporting an organisation in return for
advertising space - also v.
18
S.W.O.T. abbr. Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
19
total product n. the whole product, inc. name, packaging,
instructions, reliability, after-sales etc
20
trademark n. special symbol, design, word etc used to represent a
product or firm - " abbr.
Meetings
1
A.G.M. abbr. Annual General Meeting
2
A.O.B. abbr. Any Other Business [usually the last item on an
agenda]
3
absent adj. not here; not at the meeting; not present
4
agenda n. a written programme or schedule for a meeting
5
apologies n. item on agenda announcing people who are absent;
apologies for absence
6
ballot n. a type of vote, usually in writing and usually secret-
secret ballot n.
7
casting vote n. a deciding vote (usually by the chairman) when the
votes are otherwise equal
8
chairman n. the person who leads or presides at a meeting;
chairperson; chair
9
conference n. formal meeting for discussion, esp. a regular one
held by an organisation
10
conference call n. telephone call between three or more people in
different locations
11
consensus n. general agreement
12
decision n. a conclusion or resolution to do something - to decide
v.
13
item n. a separate point for discussion [as listed on an agenda]
14
matters arising n. item on agenda for discussion of what has
happened as a result of last meeting
15
minutes n. a written record of everything said at a meeting
16
proxy vote n. a vote cast by one person for or in place of
another
17
show of hands n. raised hands to express an opinion in a vote
18
unanimous adj. in complete agreement; united in opinion
19
videoconference n. conference of people in different locations
linked by satellite, TV etc
20
vote v. to express opinion in a group by voice or hand etc - also
n. - to cast a vote v.
Money
1
A.T.M. abbr. Automated Teller Machine; cash dispenser UK
2
banknote n: a piece of paper money; bill US
3
bill US n. a banknote; a piece of paper money or a receipt,
account
4
black market n. illegal traffic in officially controlled
commodities such as foreign currency
5
bureau de change n. establishment where currencies of different
countries may be exchanged
6
cash n. 1 coins or bank notes (not cheques); 2 actual money paid as
opposed to credit
7
cash dispenser UK n: automatic machine from which clients of a
bank may withdraw money; ATM
8
cashier n. person dealing with cash transactions in a bank, store
etc
9
coin n: a piece of metal money
10
currency n. the money in general use or circulation in any
country
11
debt n. money etc owed by one person to another
12
exchange rate n. the rate at which one currency can be exchanged
for another
13
foreign exchange n: the currency of other countries , foreign
currency
14
hard currency n. currency that will probably not fall in value and
is readily accepted
15
invest v. to put money for profit into business, land etc -
investment n.
16
legal tender n: currency that cannot legally be refused in payment
of a debt
17
petty cash UK n. a cash fund for small, everyday expenses
18
soft currency n. currency that will probably fall in value and is
not readily accepted
19
speculate v. (risky) buying of foreign currency, land etc for
rapid gain - speculation n.
20
transaction n. a (usually commercial) exchange; a deal - to
transact v.
Newspapers
and Journalism
1
article n. a text or piece of writing on any non-fiction subject
2
broadsheet UK n. a large-format newspaper with usually serious
contents
3
censor n. official with the power to stop publication of certain
articles - censorship n.
4
chequebook journalism n. the obtaining of exclusive rights to a
story by payment of large sums of money
5
correspondent n. 1 person who writes a letter to a paper 2 person
who writes articles for a paper
6
critic n. a person who writes articles, esp. stating opinion, about
art, music etc
7
desk n. a department of a newspaper [eg: the sports desk]
8
edit v. to check, modify and generally prepare written material for
publication
9
editor n. 1 a person who edits 2 the head of a newspaper or
newspaper department
10
editorial n. an article written by the editor stating his opinion
11
exclusive rights n. rights or permission for one paper to publish a
story that no other paper can
12
feature n. a special or regular article in a newspaper, usually
displayed prominently
13
front page n. the first page of a paper, usually carrying the most
important story
14
headline n. 1 the title at the top of an article 2 headlines the
most important stories
15
journalist n. a person employed to write articles for a newspaper
- journalism n.
16
media n. the media all the means of mass communication (papers, TV,
radio etc)
17
opinion n. what a person thinks about a particular subject; a
subjective point of view
18
paper n. 1 thin, flexible material for writing or printing on 2
newspaper
19
story n. a news article or report
20
tabloid n. a small-format paper, with short, sensational stories
- see broadsheet
Numbers
1
add v. to put one number together with another [eg: 2 plus 2] -
addition n.
2
billion n. 1,000,000,000; one thousand million; 109
3
divide v. 2 ÷ 2 [is expressed as] two divided by two - division
n.
4
equal v. to be the same as [eg: 2 + 2 equals 4]
5
giga one billion
6
hundred n. 100; 102
7
kilo one thousand - k, K abbr.
8
mega one million - M abbr.
9
million n. 1,000,000; one thousand thousand; 106
10
minus p. 2 - 2 [is expressed as] two minus two
11
multiply v. 2 x 2 [is expressed as] two multiplied by two -
multiplication n.
12
plus p. 2 + 2 [is expressed as] two plus two
13
square v. to multiply a number by the same number [eg: 3 squared =
9]
14
square root n. number that multiplied by itself gives a certain
number [3 is the square root of 9]
15
subtract v. to deduct one number from another [eg: 2 minus 2] -
subtraction n.
- thousand n. 1,000
17
times p. 2 x 2 [is expressed as] two times two - see multiply
18
to the power of multiplication of a number by itself [eg: 2 to
the power of 3 = 8]
19
trillion n.1,000,000,000,000; a million million; 1012
20
zero n. 0; oh; nought (nil in sport)
Presentations
1
audience rapport n. relationship of presenter with audience,
esp. when good
2
body language n. non-verbal communication through facial
expressions, body movements etc
3
Finally . . . Typical word used to signal the last of several
points or subjects
4
flip chart n. a pad of large paper sheets on a stand for
presenting information
5
For example . . . Typical phrase used to signal an illustration or
sample of a particular point
6
handout n. anything (report, sample etc) handed or given to
people at a presentation
7
In conclusion . . . Typical phrase used to signal the summing up
or final part of a presentation
8
ladies & gentlemen Polite phrase often used to address an
audience of men and women
9
marker n. whiteboard marker a pen with a broad, felt tip for
writing on whiteboards
10
microphone n. electrical instrument that one speaks into for
amplification of the voice etc
11
O.H.T. abbr. overhead transparency; sheet of film with image for
overhead projector
12
overhead projector n. device that projects an o.h.t. onto a
screen - O.H.P. abbr.
13
pointer n. device (rod or electric torch etc) for indicating things
on a map, screen etc
14
screen n. large, flat, reflective white surface on which films,
slides etc are projected
15
signal v. to help the audience understand where one is in a
presentation - signalling n.
16
slide n. small (usually 35mm) photographic transparency - slide
projector n.
17
To start with . . . Typical phrase used to signal the beginning of
a particular subject or topic
18
Turning now to . . . Typical phrase used to signal a change from
one subject or topic to another
19
visual aids n. things that one can look at in a presentation [eg:
films, maps, charts etc]
20
whiteboard n. large, flat, white surface or board on which to
write or draw with markers
Property
And Real-estate
1
apartment US n. a room or group of rooms to live in, usually on
one floor; flat UK
2
development n. a number of buildings on a large piece of land -
real-estate developer n.
3
elevator US n. a compartment for moving people from floor to floor
in a building; lift UK
4
en suite adv. forming one unit [eg: bedroom with bathroom en suite]
- also adj.
5
estate agent US n. a person whose business is to sell or let land
or property on behalf of others
6
first floor US n. storey of a building at the same level as the
street or ground; gound floorUK
7
flat UK n. a room or group of rooms to live in, usually on one
floor; apartment US
8
for sale offered for purchase; to be sold; available to be bought
9
freehold n. the holding of land or property for an unlimited
period of time - also adj.
10
furnished adj. [of a house, apartment etc] let with furniture - to
furnish v.
11
garden n. space or ground surrounding a building, often with
flowers, trees etc; yard US
12
ground floor UK n. storey of a building at the same level as the
street or ground; first floor US
13
landlord n. a person who owns an apartment, house, office etc and
lets it to a tenant
14
leasehold n. the holding of land or property for a predetermined
period of time - also adj.
15
let v. [let, let] to give the use of a building etc in return for
periodic payments or rent
16
lift UK n. a compartment for moving people from floor to floor in a
building; elevator US
17
rent v. to make periodic payments (monthly etc) for the use of a
building etc - also n.
18
storey UK n. one of the levels of a building; floor; story US
19
tenant n. a person who rents an apartment, house, office etc from
a landlord
20
yard US n. space or ground surrounding a building; garden
Publishing
1
© copyright n. exclusive, legal right of an author to the
publication of his work - also v.
2
author n. the person who writes or originates something (book,
article, poem etc)
3
bind v. [bound, bound] to put pages of a book together after
printing - binding n.
4
blurb n. short, promotional description of a book usually printed
on its jacket
5
chapter n. one of the main divisions or sections of a book
6
contents n. table of contents list of chapters etc at front of
book
7
edit v. to check, modify and generally prepare written material for
publication - editor n.
8
fiction n. writing that describes imaginary events & people -
fictional adj. see non-fiction
9
front cover n. first, outside part of a book’s jacket carrying
the title, author’s name etc
10
hardback n. a book with hard, stiff covers made of board - also
adj.
11
index n. alphabetical list of words, names etc at end of book with
page numbers - also v.
12
inside front cover n. front flap of the book’s jacket,
sometimes carrying the blurb - IFC abbr.
13
jacket n. the protective paper cover supplied with most hardbacks
- dust jacket n.
14
non-fiction n. writing about real, unimagined events [eg: history,
biography etc] – see fiction
15
paperback n. a book with soft, flexible covers made of paper or card
- also adj.
16
spine n. the part of a book’s jacket that usually faces outwards
on a shelf
17
title n. the name of a book, chapter, poem etc
18
title page n. the page of a book (usually the 3rd)
that carries the title in large type
19
type n. printing type system of letters (a, b, c etc) for printing
text - typeface n.
20
typeset v. [-set, -set] to set in type [eg: to change handwriting
to type] - also adj.
Punctuation
1
- hyphen
2
— dash
3 ! exclamation
mark
4 # sharp
5 & ampersand
6 · bullet
/ full stop
7 (
) (round) brackets; (round) parenthesis
8 * asterisk
9 , comma
10 . 1
full stop 2 point (3. period UK)
11 ... ellipsis
points; ellipsis dots
12 / oblique;
slash;
13 : colon
14 ; semi-colon
15 ? question
mark
16 [
] (square) brackets; (square) parenthesis
17 \ backslash
18
__ underline
19 ‘’ quotation
marks; inverted commas
20 † dagger
Selling
1
after-sales service n. service that continues after a product has
been sold [eg: repairs etc]
2
buyer n. 1 any person who buys anything 2 a person employed by a
firm to buy
3
client n. a person who buys services from a lawyer, architect or
other professionals
4
close v. to finalise a deal or sale; to make a sale
5
cold call v. to telephone a prospect without previous contact -
also n.
6
customer n. a person who buys goods or services from a shop or
business
7
deal n. a business transaction - also v. dealer n. , bargain
8
discount n. a reduction in the price; a deduction [usually
expressed as a percentage (%)]
9
follow up v. to continue to follow persistently; to maintain
contact [eg: after a lead]
10
guarantee n. a promise that a product will be repaired or replaced
etc if faulty - also v.
11
in bulk in large quantity, usually at a lower price
12
lead n. useful indication of a possible customer to be followed up
13
objection n. a reason given by a prospect for not buying - to
object v. see overcome
14
overcome v. [-came, -come] to overcome an obj-ection to show an
objection is invalid
15
product n. something made and usually for sale - to produce v. see
service
16
prospect n. a possible or probable customer; prospective customer
17
representative n. sales representative person who represents &
sells for a firm; salesperson
18
retail v. to sell in small quantities (as in a shop to the public)
- also n. see wholesale
19
service n. work done usually in return for payment - to serve v. see
product
- wholesale v. to sell in bulk (as to a shop for resale to the public) - also n. see retail
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